Linden Trees

Linden trees are gorgeous, pyramidal-shaped, sap-filled trees that have been cultivated for centuries for their wood and flowers. But linden trees are notably messy! Despite popular belief, linden trees aren’t responsible for their mess, can you guess what is?

Linden trees are so messy because of aphids! Linden flowers secrete a substance that attracts aphids, who then excrete a honeydew, leaving things covered and messy. There are a few trees you can grow in place of linden trees, such as Allegheny serviceberry, dogwood, river birch, magnolia, or redbud.

Keep reading to learn more about what trees you can plant instead of linden trees, and why lindens are so messy.

What Causes Linden Trees To Be So Messy?

Linden Tree Blossom

Linden trees are beautiful flowering trees that contain sweet sap that attracts insects of all sorts.

Linden trees are one of a bee’s favorite trees, but today we’re going to be talking about aphids. Aphids are actually what is responsible for making linden trees so messy. Aphids suck up sap from the tree and their excretion is what leaves the mess.

Once they ingest it, they excrete a liquid that’s rich in sugar, called honeydew, which coats the linden leaves. This honeydew is known to cover sidewalks, roads, and even cars, and becomes a nuisance very quickly.

Imagine spilling a sugary drink and not cleaning it up, you are left with a big, sticky mess. Well, that’s the result of these aphids!

As if that wasn’t enough, once honeydew appears, sooty mold comes in. This is a fungal disease that grows specifically on plants that are covered by honeydew. 

Sooty mold, however, doesn’t necessarily hurt the plant, but if it covers the entire plant surface, then sunlight can no longer penetrate it, which reduces the plant’s ability to grow.

If you decide to do any maintenance to your tree the Tanglefoot Tree Pruning Sealer is a great option to have on hand. It helps to minimize sap loss after pruning cuts or other tree injuries by creating a flexible and weatherproof seal. It also will help protect against insects and diseases when you have cuts on your tree.

We’ve got another article dedicated to messy trees, check out our piece on the 14 Dirtiest & Messiest Trees To Not Plant In Your Yard!

How Can I Clean Up My Linden Tree?

Under the linden tree in autumn in the garden

The first step in cleaning up your linden tree is to get rid of the aphids and any other honeydew-producing insects.

You might be asking yourself, how would you even do that in the first place?

Spray It With A Hose

There are two ways you can treat aphids, the first one is spraying down your tree with a hose. Using a hand sprayer from the hose, as often as possible will help get rid of aphids, making it difficult for them to come back to the tree.

If you want to use this method, the Flexi Hose with 8 Function Nozzle Expandable Garden Hose is a perfect choice. I love these hoses because they are lightweight, easy to use, and don’t kink!

Use An Insecticidal Soap

Second, you can use an insecticidal soap or horticultural oil, but with this method, aside from reading the label before applying, you’ll want to get a bee-friendly one. Bees are often very attracted to the sweet, fragrant flowers of the linden tree, and populations usually become decimated after feeding on linden trees that have been sprayed with insecticides.

You can use a product like Safer Brand 5118-6 Insect Soap Concentrate 16oz to control aphids. It’s an insecticidal soap that is made up of potassium salts of fatty acids, made from natural plant extracts, and will not persist in the environment.

Before using, make sure to read the label first! Additionally, because linden trees are pollinator-attractive plants, you’ll want to spray your tree in the very early morning or the evening, after pollinators are not active.

Use A Natural Aphid Control

Another product to try to control aphids is Trifecta’s Crop Control. This is a natural solution made up of essential oils, soap, isopropyl alcohol, and vinegar.

With a guarantee to work, you can have peace of mind when you use it. Another great thing about this product is that it is pet-friendly and food-grade, so bring on the sigh of relief!

This product is said to work on powdery mildew, spitter mites, russet mites, broad mites, botrytis, grey mold, aphids, fungal, and parasitic species. What a powerhouse! All you have to do is mix the solution with water and spray! But of course, always read the label before applying.

So if you have a linden tree in your yard and you don’t want to get rid of it anytime soon (we know how much it costs to remove a tree), these are some efficient methods you can use to keep honeydew-producing insects at bay.

6 Trees To Plant Instead Of Linden Trees

Linden Tree With Flowers Growing Around

If you are deciding on landscaping ideas and want a different type of tree, other than a linden, we’ve got some great options for any landscape. Here we’ve got a list of flowering trees that do well in the same zones as lindens and grow roughly to the same size.

Furthermore, some people get linden and basswood trees mixed up – so feel free to read up a bit more on their differences before diving deeper below.

1. Allegheny Serviceberry, Amelanchier laevis

The first tree on our list is the Allegheny serviceberry, which is a great option for smaller landscapes.

the Allegheny serviceberry reaches about 15-25 feet high and wide and does well in partial sun and partial shade. This is a great choice that does well in moist, and well-draining soils, similar to the linden.

This tree does well in USDA Hardiness Zones 4-8. Don’t worry if you don’t have moist, acidic, or well-draining soils, this tree is also tolerant of alkaline and clayey soils.

If you don’t want to sacrifice the beautiful showy flowers of the linden tree, well don’t worry! The serviceberry offers year-round interest with its fragrant, white flowers, and small, dark purple berries.

2. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida

Flowering dogwood Teutonia - Latin name - Cornus kousa Teutonia

Dogwoods are another great choice for just about any landscape. The flowering dogwood is probably the most common, but the kousa dogwood is close behind. Today though, we’ll touch on the flowering dogwood. 

This is another great tree choice for most landscapes since they vary in height.

Smaller dogwood trees reach 15-25 feet tall and 20 feet wide, while medium dogwood trees reach anywhere from 25-40 feet tall and 20 feet wide. The flowering dogwood, like all of the trees we’ll cover, has similar requirements to the linden tree. 

The flowering dogwood does well in all light requirements, including full sun to full shade. This tree also grows well in acidic, moist, and well-draining soils. 

You can easily grow this tree in USDA Hardiness Zones 5-9. Don’t worry about flowers! Flowering dogwoods have bracts that act as their flowers, which are modified leaf clusters.

These bracts come in white, pink, and a beautiful red, and attract lots of birds, pollinators, and mammals. 

3. River Birch, Betula nigra

Next up on our list, we have the river birch! While this tree might not have the flowers you’re hoping for, it makes up with its beautiful bark. The river birch also offers year-round interest.

The river birch is a little larger than the previous trees we talked about. It grows anywhere between 25-40 feet tall and 20-30 feet wide. This tree is a powerhouse with what it tolerates, including acidic soils, well-draining, and even wet soils. It also tolerates clayey soils, occasional flooding, and wet areas. 

This tree has a fast growth rate so you can expect it to reach its full size in 15-20 years! This tree needs full sun and attracts songbirds, pollinators, and mammals. 

You may be interested in learning that not all birch trees have white bark – you can thank the paper birch tree for that!

4. Loebner’s Magnolia ‘Leonard Messel’, Magnolia x loebneri

The Loebner’s magnolia is an excellent hybrid magnolia to plant instead of a linden tree. It grows well in USDA Hardiness Zones 5-9 and grows anywhere from full sun to part shade. This magnolia hybrid grows best in moist and well-draining soils and is tolerant of acidic soils. 

If you’ve ever seen a regular magnolia tree, you probably remember its size and its flowers. Magnolia trees are known to grow to great heights, and we mean huge, like over 70 feet tall! They are also known for their beautiful, large, showy flowers.

What’s so great about this magnolia tree hybrid is its size. In contrast to the large magnolia, this magnolia hybrid is a small to medium-sized, compact, rounded tree that grows to a height and width of 20-30 feet. It also has beautiful showy and fragrant white and pink flowers. 

5. Redbud, Cercis canadensis

judas tree in blossom. purple flowers on the twigs. beautiful redbud background.

Ah, the redbud! These trees are serious show stoppers, especially in the early spring. Before the redbud’s leaves emerge, bright pink and purple flowers are seen in early spring against their dark brown bark, making this tree a showstopper for your yard. 

The redbud grows in USDA Hardiness Zones 4-9. It grows best in full sun, partial sun, and partial shade. Redbuds also do well in moist, well-draining soils, but can tolerate alkaline and clay soils.

This tree is a small to medium-sized tree, growing anywhere from 15-40 feet tall and wide, making it ideal for any small space.

That’s A Wrap!

That’s all we’ve got for you today on why linden trees are so messy. Let’s recap just why that is and what you can plant instead of a linden tree!

Linden trees are messy because of aphids! Linden flowers secrete a sap that aphids love. 

Once they suck up all that sap, they excrete what’s called honeydew, which leaves things covered in a sugary mess. 

Aphids aren’t the only honeydew-producing insect, but they are the most common culprit of why linden trees are so messy. 

There are two ways you can get rid of aphids, the first one is spraying down your tree with a hard spraying hose as often as you can. This will help get rid of aphids, by making it difficult for them to come back to the tree, and they most likely won’t.

The second is using insecticidal soap or horticultural oil to get rid of aphids. By using a spray as we mentioned above, you can have peace of mind treating your tree, knowing aphids won’t come back!

The last thing we covered was what to plant instead of linden trees if you’re thinking of adding to your landscape.

Some trees you can plant instead of linden trees are:

  • Allegheny Serviceberry, Amelanchier laevis
  • Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida
  • River Birch, Betula nigra
  • Loebner’s Magnolia ‘Leonard Messel’, Magnolia x loebneri
  • Redbud, Cercis canadensis

Well, that’s all we have today on why linden trees are so messy and what you can plant instead.

Thanks for sticking around with us on your tree journey, and we wish you the best of luck on your Tree Journey!

References 

Braun, Mihály, Zita Margitai, Albert Tóth, and Martine Leermakers. “Environmental monitoring using linden tree leaves as natural traps of atmospheric deposition: A pilot study in Transilvania, Romania.” Landscape & Environment 1, no. 1 (2007): 24-35.

Dahlsten, D., A. Hajek, D. Clair, S. Dreistadt, D. Rowney, and V. Lewis. “Pest management in the urban forest.” California Agriculture 39, no. 1 (1985): 21-22.

Evert, R. F., W. Eschrich, J. T. Medler, and F. J. Alfieri. “Observations on penetration of linden branches by stylets of the aphid Longistigma caryae.” American Journal of Botany 55, no. 7 (1968): 860-874.

Koch, Hauke, and Philip C. Stevenson. “Do linden trees kill bees? Reviewing the causes of bee deaths on silver linden (Tilia tomentosa).” Biology letters 13, no. 9 (2017): 20170484.

Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, and R. VanDen Bosch. “Linden aphid parasite establishment.” Environmental Entomology 11, no. 5 (1982): 1023-1025.

If you’ve ever heard basswood tree and linden tree being used interchangeably, you’re not alone. These trees are commonly misunderstood as being the same tree, but this just isn’t true. But what exactly is the difference between basswood and linden trees?

The fundamental difference between basswood trees and linden trees is that basswood trees are a type of linden tree. When compared to other linden trees, basswood trees are different in several ways, including their growing zones, height at maturity, pests, uses, and growth rates.

Read on to discover all the differences between basswood and linden trees. We’ll clear up some of the confusion between these trees and talk about why their names are used interchangeably!

Basswood And Linden Trees – What’s The Difference?

There are many differences between the American Basswood tree and your typical linden tree. But, it can get a bit confusing when we say ‘linden’ tree because ‘linden’ is a group of several species, basswood being one of them.

So, when we refer to linden trees in this article, we’re talking about the most common linden trees such as the little-leaf linden or Silver linden.

To add to the confusion, some linden trees are called lime trees, though they have no relation to the citrus lime tree!

Confused yet? Let’s clear up some of the confusion by discussing the key differences between basswood trees and linden trees.

Basswood Trees Are A Species Of Tree

We divide every living thing on planet earth into its own category based on what it is. This system of classification helps scientists identify the similarities between two organisms, as well as the differences.

For basswood trees and linden trees, this classification system helps us understand the fundamental difference between the two: basswood is a species of tree, while ‘linden’ refers to a genus.

A genus is a group of species. For example, both coyotes and wolves belong to the genus Canis. However, they separate into two different species after that: C. latrans and C. lupus, respectively.

In our basswood-linden debate, basswood trees are considered a species, while linden is considered a genus.

To summarize, all basswood trees are linden trees, but not all linden trees are basswood trees. To call a basswood tree a linden tree is technically correct, but you cannot call all linden trees basswood trees, as there are a lot of different linden tree species.

USDA Hardiness Zone

The hardiness zone refers to the absolute coldest temperature the tree will survive. Trees will typically be categorized in a range of zones, which indicate the optimal temperatures for that tree.

According to North Carolina State University, Basswood trees can survive in zones 2a through 9a. That is a very cold-hardy tree!

Zone 2a refers to trees able to survive down to -50℉. Your Basswood tree may not be thrilled with those temperatures, but it can survive through it and still bloom the following spring.

Other linden trees like the little-leaf linden and big-leaf linden can survive in hardiness zones 3a to 7a. Their range is a little less than the basswood, but they can still withstand some pretty chilly temperatures.

Hardiness zones are a valuable tool for those who wish to plant basswood trees (or any tree, for that matter!) in their yard. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map lets you know if the tree or plant you want will thrive in your region or not.

Height Of Linden Trees And Basswood Trees

Most linden trees grow pyramidal when they are younger. As they grow older, their shape becomes more rounded.

Linden trees are considered tall trees, often reaching heights of well over 80 feet. They are stately trees and provide yards with plenty of shade.

According to Iowa State University, basswood trees reach a maximum height of around 80 feet. By contrast, little-leaf lindens typically grow to 70 feet and European lindens reach around 60 feet. The silver linden is one of the smallest linden trees, reaching only 40 feet at full height.

Height at maturity is affected by growing conditions. There are, of course, exceptions where linden trees reach over 100 feet, but more often than not, they will not reach triple digits in height.

What Are Basswood And Linden Trees Used For?

A close-up of a carpenter cutting a block of basswood with a band saw

Trees provide us with a ton of raw materials. They can be used in lumber, cabinets, veneer, trim, and furniture. Trees also provide us with medicine, oxygen, windbreaks, and erosion prevention.

However, not all trees provide the same materials. Some are not suitable for lumber because the trunks are knotty or bent. Others may not be sturdy enough for furniture or make for a poor veneer.

Basswood trees are used for:

  • Lumber
  • Veneer
  • Wood carving
  • Pulpwood
  • Rope
  • Cord
  • Mats
  • Tea
  • Nectar
  • Honey
  • Olive oil substitute (seed oil)
  • Shade 
  • Windbreak
  • Wildlife attractant
  • Medicinal

The usefulness of the inner bark of a basswood tree is actually where it got its name. Basswood was derived from ‘bast’ wood, which referred to the bast fibers found in the inner bark. 

These fibers were used historically by Native Americans for rope and cord. According to the University of Kentucky, some tribes used to carve ceremonial masks out of the trees as well.

Besides its usefulness in wood products, basswood trees also provide food and shelter for wildlife. 

Their flowers provide nectar for bees and nectar-feeding birds. Older trees tend to be hollow, providing shelter for various little critters. Animals like squirrels and deer eat basswood seeds.

The honey obtained from the basswood flowers is used in teas and by itself. Basswood trees are also useful in parks and along streets to provide shade and windbreaks.

Many trees from the linden genus have the same uses such as providing nectar for bees. However, there are some differences between basswood tree uses and other linden tree uses.

For example, big-leaf linden trees are used in more delicate wood-making, such as musical instruments and cuckoo clocks. Silver leaf lindens do not have seeds that attract wildlife, but they attract butterflies with their flowers.

Linden trees, in general, are also useful to people metaphysically and supernaturally. According to an article in the Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, some consider linden trees the ‘sacred’ tree.

These sacred trees are a symbol of prosperity, friendship, peace, love, altruism, and good luck, among others.

Leaf Identification

linden tree and linden flowers with green leaves

Leaves can be a useful tool to help identify what kind of tree you are looking at. It’s best to identify a tree by its leaves in the spring or summer, as deciduous trees will lose their leaves in the fall and winter (you can learn more about how trees survive the winter here.)

All linden trees are deciduous and most of them have showy, golden-yellow leaves in the fall. Most linden tree leaves are described as heart-shaped, including basswood trees.

The big difference comes in the size of the leaves and the presence of hairs on the leaves. Most linden tree leaves are green, but some species can be differentiated by their color.

Let’s look at three of the most common linden trees and see how their leaves differ from a basswood tree.

Tree Species:Leaf Color:Leaf Size (Length):Hair on Leaf?:
Basswood TreeGreenGreater than 6 inchesYes
Big-leaf LindenGreen, Gray, White, Silver3-6 inchesYes
Littel-leaf LindenGreen3-6 inchesYes
Silver LindenGlossy Green1-3 inchesNo

As you can see, there are a lot of similarities between basswood trees and other linden trees when it comes to leaves. However, there are a few subtle differences.

The silver linden tree has the most differentiated leaves in terms of color. The silverish color of their leaves give the tree its name.

Basswood trees have some of the biggest leaves, even when compared to the ‘big-leaf’ linden. Linden trees are easy to identify by their heart-shaped leaves but can be differentiated using their size, color, and the presence or absence of hair.

Basswood And Linden Tree Common Pests

Tree pests will vary from tree to tree. Pests are typically insects that either target the leaves or bore into the trunk to cause internal damage. Some pests, like aphids, can spread tree diseases from one tree to another.

According to North Carolina State University, there aren’t any major pests or diseases associated with the basswood tree. They are occasionally plagued with spider mites during dry, hot weather. They may also host boring insects and caterpillars.

Compared to other linden trees, basswoods are less susceptible than most when it comes to pests and tree afflictions like verticillium or powdery mildew.

Silver linden trees and bigleaf linden trees are also pretty resistant to pests. Silver lindens may have aphids, while bigleaf lindens are somewhat susceptible to Japanese beetles.

Little-leaf lindens are the most susceptible to pests, particularly Japanese beetles. These beetles will chow down on leaves, leaving them as nothing more than skeletons. When infestations are heavy, they can even affect mature trees.

Growth Rate Differences Between Basswoods and Lindens

Most trees grow faster when they are young and slow down as they age. However, some trees have a slow growth rate even when they are young saplings getting established.

Linden trees fall somewhere between medium and fast in terms of growth rate. They are not slow-growing trees!

Basswood trees have a medium growth rate. According to the USDA National Agroforestry Center, a medium growth rate means averaging 1 to 2 feet per year.

Comparatively, silver linden trees have the fastest growth rate, described as ‘rapid.’ Rapid growth rate means this tree grows over 2 feet per year! Big-leaf and little-leaf linens both have growth rates similar to the basswood tree, around 1 to 2 feet per year. 

These classifications are under ideal conditions. If a basswood tree is grown under adverse conditions, such as drought, the growth rate may be slowed down to 12 inches or less per year.

What Can Basswood And Linden Trees Tolerate?

What conditions trees can tolerate will shape the regions where they can grow. Trees that are tolerant of salt will thrive in places close to the ocean or brackish waters. Trees that are drought tolerant will thrive in deserts when others would wilt.

Tolerances can give certain trees advantages over others and can create niche environments that are incredibly important to certain animals or insects.

With lindens, these stoic trees are tolerant of a lot of things thrown at them! We talked a bit about being resistant and tolerant of pests, but now let’s take a closer look at environmental conditions and see the difference between basswood trees and other linden trees.

Tree SpeciesDrought TolerantFire TolerantPollution TolerantWind TolerantHeat TolerantSalt Tolerant
Basswood 
Silver Linden
Bigleaf Linden
Little-leaf Linden

As you can see, each linden tree has its advantages for tolerating certain environmental conditions. Some of these conditions overlap. For example, all four linden tree species are tolerant of urban pollution and all but the little-leaf linden can tolerate drought to some extent.

The silver linden appears to be the most tolerant of challenging environmental conditions. It can withstand almost everything except fire.

Even though basswood trees are considered fire-tolerant, it has thin bark that is easily damaged by fire. However, the tree itself is resistant to fire and will not go up in flames as easily as some other tree species, like cypress and eucalyptus.

Basswood And Linden Tree Soil Preference

Many attributes, such as texture, soil particle size, and ability to hold water, help categorize soil.

In terms of size, soil is broken down into three major categories:

  • Sand
  • Silt
  • Clay

Sand has the biggest particles, allowing for good drainage, and sometimes too good of drainage, leaving the soil dry. Clay has the smallest particles and retains water. Silt falls somewhere in the middle.

Soils can also be loamy, which is a mixture of two or more soil types. There are some blurred lines between soil profiles. For example, you can have ‘silty loam’ or ‘clay loam’ or ‘sandy silt.’

Most linden trees prefer good drainage and can even tolerate drought and hot, dry soil conditions for a short time.

Basswood trees will thrive in almost any soil type, ranging from sand to clay. They prefer well-drained soils but can survive in moist conditions as well. 

Compared to other linden trees, basswoods have the widest range of acceptable soil types. Silver lindens, bigleaf lindens, and little-leaf lindens all prefer loamy soils with good drainage and do not do well with heavy clay or sandy soils.

Where Basswood Trees Grow (Most Common Places)

Autumnal golden american basswood leaves close-up view with selective focus on foreground

Basswood trees have a wide range of temperatures that they can withstand, making them a popular tree for yards and meadows. However, just because the temperature is right doesn’t mean the soil or environmental conditions are right.

Basswood trees grow throughout the entire midwest and northeast regions. They can grow beyond Maine and into southeast Canada. Along the east coast, they will grow as far south as South Carolina.

Basswood trees also grow in Tennessee and the northern regions of Oklahoma!

Unlike other linden trees, the American basswood tree is native to the United States. The bigleaf, little-leaf, and silver lindens all originated in Europe. However, most linden trees now grow in the United States and Canada after being brought over from Europe.

How To Take Care Of A Basswood Tree

Whether you already have a basswood tree in your yard or you’re thinking of planting one, this stately tree is a brilliant choice for shade and wildlife viewing.

Some species of linden tree must be grown from a grafted rootstock, but basswood trees can be planted and grown from seed.

It is best to get a seed from a local basswood tree fruit. These seeds have the best chance of surviving as the parent tree is already acclimated to the soil and environmental conditions. It’s not recommended to get basswood seeds online.

Here are some steps you can take to ensure your basswood tree seed sprouts into a beautiful linden tree that will provide shade for years to come.

  • Step 1 find viable seed (s): Once you have found a local basswood tree and collected the fallen fruit, you’ll want to make sure the seed is viable. Discard the outer coating and toss the seeds in a bucket of water for about a day. Discard any seeds that float – these will not grow.
  • Step 2 wait for spring: Store your seeds in a sealed container in your fridge. Make sure the temperature remains above freezing. It’s recommended to add perlite to the container to keep the seed moist and encourage germination. The Valley Garden’s Organic Perlite for All Plants is a superb choice.
  • Step 3 plant your seeds: Plant your seeds once the threat of frost has passed. Create a ½-inch deep hole, place ¼ inch of potting soil down, and then place the seed on the potting soil. Fill the remaining ¼-inch of the hole with the rest of your potting soil.
  • Step 4 care for your seeds: Water the soil so that it is moist to the touch but allow the soil to dry between waterings. Keep a lookout for squirrels and other digging animals that will dig up your seeds.
  • Step 5 care for your sprout and sapling: Once the seed sprouts, you’ll want to take extra care to keep animals and insects from destroying the sprout before it establishes into a sapling. 

Use coverings like Voglund Nursery Mesh Tree Bark Protector to keep squirrels, deer, and other troublesome critters from stripping the bark off of young saplings. 

Note: Basswood tree seeds can take up to 3 years to germinate. If you don’t see any signs of life after the first year, don’t be too concerned. If after 2-3 years there is still no growth, your seed will most likely not germinate and should be discarded.

Final Thoughts

It can be confusing when you search the internet for basswood tree and the first thing that pops up are the words ‘linden tree.’ 

I hope this article has helped shed some light on the difference between a basswood tree and a linden tree. But, just for a quick recap –

Here are the major differences between basswood and linden trees:

  • Name – basswood is a species of linden tree
  • Growing regions – USDA hardiness zones
  • Height at maturity
  • Uses
  • Leaves – color, length, presence of hairs
  • Pests
  • Growth rate
  • Tolerances
  • Soil Preferences

Best of luck on your tree journey!

References

Edmunds, B., Fick, B., & Lupcho, P. R. (2015). Fire-resistant Landscape Plants for the Willamette Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service.

Hanberry, B. B., Palik, B. J., & He, H. S. (2013). Winning and Losing Tree Species of Reassembly in Minnesota’s Mixed and Broadleaf Forests. PLOS One, 8(4).Tenche-Constantinescu, A. M., Varan, C., Borlea, F., Madosa, E., & Szekely, G. (2015). The symbolism of the linden tree. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, 19(2), 237-242.

Zasada, J. (2003). Basswood, linden, lime-tree. Minnesota Better Forests, 8(1), 12-13

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